3.1
act of an authorized representative of the customer by which the customer assumes for itself, or as
an agent of another party, ownership of existing and specified products tendered, or
confirms satisfactory performance of specific
services, as partial or complete performance of the contract on the part of
the supplier
3.2
verification stage with the objective of demonstrating that the product is free of workmanship defects and integration errors and ready for its intended use
3.3
test to determine that a system, subsystem, component, or functional part is capable of meeting performance requirements prescribed in purchase specifications or other documents specifying what constitutes the adequate performance capability for the item and to demonstrate the item is free from manufacturing defects
3.4
undesired event arising from operation of any project–specific item that results in
a. human death or injury,
b. loss of, or damage to, project hardware, software or facilities that can then affect the accomplishment of the mission,
c. loss of, or damage to, public or private property, or
d. detrimental
effects on the environment
NOTE Accident and mishap are synonymous.
[EN 13701:2001]
3.5
formal notification to users, informing them of failures or nonconformity of items, already released for use or not, which could also be present on other items already delivered [e.g. items with identical design concept, materials, components or processes]
NOTE An alert can also be raised when a deficiency in the specified requirements, which can affect the fitness for purpose in the defined application, has been identified.
[EN 13701:2001]
3.6
maximum load that can be permitted in a structural part for a given operating environment to prevent rupture, collapse, detrimental deformation or unacceptable crack growth
NOTE Adapted from ISO 14623:2003.
3.7
maximum stress that can be permitted in a structural part for a given operating environment to prevent rupture, collapse, detrimental deformation or unacceptable crack growth
NOTE Adapted from ISO 14623:2003.
3.8
any deviation from the expected situation
[EN 13701:2001]
3.9
document
that contains provisions which through reference in the source document
incorporates additional provisions in the source document
NOTE In this context, a provision is an expression that takes the form of a statement, an instruction, a recommendation or a requirement.
3.10
formal
agreement to use or apply an item
NOTE 1 Approval implies that the approving authority has verified that the item conforms to its requirements.
NOTE 2 Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.11
combination of parts, components and units which forms a functional entity
NOTE An assembly can be disassembled and retain its capabilities after reassembly.
3.12
planned
and systematic activities implemented, and demonstrated as needed, to provide
adequate confidence that an entity fulfils its requirements
[EN 13701:2001]
3.13
systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which audit criteria are fulfilled
NOTE Internal audits, sometimes called first–party audits, are conducted by, or on behalf of, the organization itself for internal purposes and can form the basis for the organization’s self–declaration of conformity. External audits include what are generally termed “second–”or “third party audits”. Second–party audits are conducted by parties having an interest in the organization, such as customers, or by other persons on their behalf. Third–party audits are conducted by external independent organizations. Such organizations provide certification or registration of conformity with requirements such as those of ISO 1400:1996. When qualityand environmental management systems are audited together, this is termed “combined audit”. When two or more auditing organizations cooperate to audit a single auditee jointly, this is termed “joint audit”.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.14
organization or person requesting an audit
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.15
outcome
of an audit provided by the audit
team after consideration of the audit objectives and all audit findings
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.16
set of policies, procedures or requirements used as a reference
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.17
records, statements of fact or other information which are relevant to the audit criteria and verifiable
NOTE Audit evidence can be qualitative or quantitative.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.18
results
of the evaluation of the collected audit evidence
against audit criteria
NOTE Audit findings can indicate either conformity or nonconformity with audit criteria, or opportunities for improvement.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.19
set of one or more audits planned for a specific time frame and directed towards a specific purpose
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.20
one or
more auditors
conducting an audit
NOTE 1 One auditor in the audit team is generally appointed as audit team leader.
NOTE 2 The audit team can include auditors–in–training and, where required, technical experts.
NOTE 3 Observers can accompany the audit team but not act as part of it.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.21
organization being audited
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.22
person
with the competence
to conduct an audit
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.23
ability of an item to be in a state to perform a required function under given conditions at a given instant of time or over a given time interval, assuming that the required external resources are provided
NOTE 1 This ability depends on the combined aspects of the reliability performance, the maintainability performance and the maintenance support performance.
NOTE 2 Required external resources, other than maintenance resources do not affect the availability performance of the item.
NOTE 3 When referring to the measure for availability, the preferred term is “instantaneous availability”.
NOTE 4 Adapted from IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition.
[EN 13701:2001]
3.24
activity of increasing the temperature of hardware to accelerate its outgassing rates with the intent of reducing the content of molecular contaminants within the hardware
NOTE Bakeout is usually performed in a vacuum environment, but may be done in a controlled atmosphere.
3.25
set of information which describes exhaustively a situation at a given instant of time or over a given time interval
[EN 13701:2001]
NOTE It is generally used as a reference for comparison with and analysis of subsequent evolutions of the information.
3.26
representation of an item whereby its internal composition is not essential to understand its function, and only its interface characteristics are considered
3.27
any agreement between two or more parties for the supply of goods or services
[EN 13701:2001]
3.28
all the operations for the purpose of determining the values of the errors and, if necessary, other metrological properties of a measuring instrument
NOTE The metrological use of the term “calibration” is often extended to include operations such as adjustments, scale graduation, etc. This use is deprecated.
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.29
ability of an organization, system or process to realize a product that will fulfil the requirements for that product
NOTE Process capability terms in the field of statistics are defined in ISO 3534-2.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.30
condition which has the potential to degrade into a warning condition, and which can call for specific action, including the implementation of special procedures or restrictions on the operation of the system
[EN 13701:2001]
3.31
procedure by which a third party
gives written assurance that a product, process or service conforms to specified requirements
[EN 45020:1998]
3.32
distinguishing feature
NOTE 1 A characteristic can be inherent or assigned.
NOTE 2 A characteristic can be qualitative or quantitative.
NOTE 3 There are various classes of characteristic, such as the following:
— physical (e.g. mechanical, electrical, chemical or biological characteristics);
— sensory (e.g. related to smell, touch, taste, sight, hearing);
— behavioral (e.g. courtesy, honesty, veracity);
— temporal (e.g. punctuality, reliability, availability);
— ergonomic (e.g. physiological characteristic, or related to human safety);
— functional (e.g. maximum speed of an aircraft).
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.33
area
that have contamination control by physical design and specified operating procedures
NOTE Examples of such areas are cleanrooms, controlled areas and good housekeeping.
3.34
failure of multiple items occurring from a single cause that is common to all of them
[EN 13701:2001]
3.35
failure of multiple identical items that fail in the same mode
NOTE Common mode failures are a particular case of common cause failures.
[EN 13701:2001]
3.36
fault of multiple items that exhibit the same fault mode
[EN 13701:2001]
3.37
demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.38
permission
to use or release a product that does not conform to
specified requirements
NOTE 1 A concession is generally limited to the delivery of a product that has nonconforming characteristics within specified limits for an agreed period of time or quantity of that product.
[ISO 9000:2000]
NOTE 2 The term “waiver” is synonymous with the word “concession”.
3.39
functional or physical characteristics of a product defined in configuration definition documents subject to configuration baseline
NOTE Adapted from ISO 10007:2003.
3.40
approved status of requirements and design of a product at project key milestone that serves as reference for activities throughout the life cycle of the product
NOTE Adapted from ISO 10007:2003.
3.41
coordinated activities for controlling modifications to a configuration baseline
NOTE Request for deviations are also considered modifications to a baseline.
3.42
document that defines the requirements for
function, design, build,
production, and verification for a configuration
item
NOTE For space standards, configuration documents can include documents relating to operation and disposal of the configuration item.
3.43
coordinated activities to establish rules for configuration item selection, configuration baseline content definition, and product and document identifiers definition
3.44
aggregation of hardware, software, processed materials, services or any of its discrete portions, that is designated for configuration management and treated as a single entity in the configuration management process
NOTE A configuration item can contain other configuration item(s).
3.45
activity for establishing and maintaining consistent records of the performance parameters of a product and its functional and physical attributes compared to product design and operational requirements
NOTE 1 Configuration management is applied throughout the entire life cycle of the product (i.e. development, production, deployment, operation and disposal).
NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO 10007:2003.
3.46
configuration status accounting
formalized recording and reporting of product characteristics and configuration information, the status of applicable changes and the status of their implementation
NOTE Adapted from ISO 10007:2003.
3.47
coordinated activities to determine the conformity of the configuration item to its configuration document(s)
3.48
fulfilment
of a requirement
NOTE 1 This definition is consistent with ISO/IEC Guide 2 but differs from it in phrasing to fit into the ISO 9000 concepts.
NOTE 2 The term “conformance” is synonymous but deprecated.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.49
characteristic, result or design feature which is made compulsory or has been prohibited for any reason.
NOTE 1 Constraints are generally restrictions on the choice of solutions in a system.
NOTE 2 Two kinds of constraints are considered, those which concern solutions, and those which concern the use of the system.
NOTE 3 For example constraints can come from environmental and operational conditions, law, standards, market demand, investments and means availability, or the organization’s policy.
NOTE 4 Adapted from EN 1325-1:1997.
3.50
introduction of any undesirable molecular or particulate matter (including microbiological matter) to an item or to the environment of interest
3.51
pre–planned procedure to be executed in response to a departure from specified behaviour
[EN 13701:2001]
3.52
recurring activity to increase the ability to fulfil requirements
NOTE The process of establishing objectives and finding opportunities for improvement is a continual process through the use of audit findings and audit conclusions, analysis of data, management reviews or other means and generally leads to corrective action or preventive action.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.53
any legally enforceable business agreement for the supply of goods or services
NOTE A contract is a special case of a business agreement in which payment is associated with the contract conditions.
3.54
supplier in a contractual situation
3.55
action to eliminate a detected nonconformity
NOTE 1 A correction can be made in conjunction with a corrective action.
NOTE 2 A corrective action can be, for example, rework or regrade.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.56
action to eliminate the cause of a detected nonconformity or other undesirable situation
NOTE 1 There can be more than one cause for a nonconformity.
NOTE 2 Corrective action is taken to prevent recurrence whereas preventive action is taken to prevent occurrence.
NOTE 3 There is a distinction between correction and corrective action.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.57
deterioration of a material by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment
3.58
hierarchical structure which depicts elements of cost
3.59
component, material, software, sub–assembly, function, process or technology, which requires special project attention
EXAMPLE 1 An item is critical, if it is not qualified or validated for the application in question (or has raised problems previously which remained unresolved).
EXAMPLE 2 An item is critical, if it is difficult to demonstrate design performance.
EXAMPLE 3 An item is critical, if it is highly sensitive to the conditions under which it is produced or used (e.g. contamination, radiation).
EXAMPLE 4 An item is critical, if it is out of tolerance, because it has the potential to degrade the quality of the product significantly, and so the ability of the end–product to accomplish defined mission objectives.
EXAMPLE 5 An item is critical, if major difficulties or uncertainties are expected in the procurement, manufacturing, assembly, inspection, test, handling, storage and transportation, which have the potential to lead to major degradation in the quality of the product.
3.60
series of activities that determines the earliest
completion of the project
NOTE As a consequence, any delay of one task belonging to the critical path extends the project duration.
3.61
organization or person that receives a product
EXAMPLE Consumer, client, end–user, retailer, beneficiary and purchaser.
NOTE A customer can be internal or external to the organization.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.62
customer’s perception of the degree to which the customer’s requirements have been fulfilled
NOTE 1 Customer complaints are a common indicator of low customer satisfaction but their absence does not necessarily imply high customer satisfaction.
NOTE 2 Even when customer requirements have been agreed with the customer and fulfilled, this does not necessarily ensure high customer satisfaction.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.63
non–fulfilment of a requirement related to an intended or specified use
NOTE 1 The distinction between the concepts defect and nonconformity is important as it has legal connotations, particularly those associated with product liability issues. Consequently the term “defect” should be used with extreme caution.
NOTE 2 The intended use as intended by the customer can be affected by the nature of the information, such as operating or maintenance instructions, provided by the supplier.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.64
collective term used to describe the availability performance and its influencing factors: reliability performance, maintainability performance and maintenance support performance
NOTE Dependability is used only for general descriptions in non–quantitative terms.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.65
process of designing a product such that its components operate at a significantly reduced level of stress to increase reliability
[EN 13701:2001]
3.66
design, noun
<result> set of information that defines
the characteristics
of a product
NOTE Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.67
design, noun
<activity>process used to
generate the set of information defining the characteristics of a product
NOTE Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.68
set of processes that transforms requirements into specified characteristics or into the specification
of a product, process or system
NOTE 1 The terms “design” and “development” are sometimes used synonymously and sometimes used to define different stages of the overall design and development process.
NOTE 2 A qualifier can be applied to indicate the nature of what is being designed and developed (e.g. product design and development).
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.69
design of a product to an acceptable residual risk solely by conformance to specific requirements for safety, other than failure tolerance
[EN 13701:2001]
3.70
process by which the capability to adequately implement a technology or design is established before manufacture
NOTE This process can include the building of various partial or complete models of the products and assessment of their performance.
[EN 13701:2001]
3.71
permission to depart from the originally specified requirements for a product prior to realization
NOTE A deviation permit is generally given for a limited quantity of product or period of time, and for a specific use.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.72
information and its supporting medium
EXAMPLE record, specification, procedure document, drawing, report, standard.
NOTE 1 The medium can be paper, magnetic, electronic or optical computer disc, photograph or master sample, or a combination thereof.
NOTE 2 A set of documents, for example specifications and records, is frequently called “documentation”.
NOTE 3 Some requirements (e.g. the requirement to be readable) relate to all types of documents, however there can be different requirements for specifications (e.g. the requirement to be revision controllable) and records (e.g. the requirement to be retrievable).
[ISO
9000:2000]
3.73
device that performs an electrical, electronic or
electromechanical function and consists of one or more
elements so joined together that they cannot normally be disassembled without
destroying this capability
NOTE The term EEE component can be used interchangeably with the term EEE part.
[EN 13701:2001]
3.74
extent to which planned activities are realized and planned results achieved
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.75
relationship between the result achieved and the resources used
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.76
condition when potentially catastrophic or critical hazardous events have occurred, and immediate and preplanned safing action is possible and is mandatory in order to protect personnel
[EN 13701:2001]
3.77
natural conditions and induced conditions that constrain the design definitions or operations for end products and their enabling products
NOTE 1 Examples of natural conditions are weather, climate, ocean conditions, terrain, vegetation, dust, light and radiation.
NOTE 2 Examples of induced conditions are electromagnetic interference, heat, vibration, pollution and contamination.
3.78
associated assemblies intended to achieve a defined final objective
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.79
a discrepancy between a computed, observed or measured value or condition and the true, specified or theoretically correct value or condition
NOTE An error can be caused by a faulty item, e.g. a computing error made by faulty computer equipment.
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.80
sum of costs incurred up to the cut–off date and the
respective estimate to completion
NOTE Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.81
estimate of all costs from the cut–off date required to deliver the product, based on work to be completed, and approved anticipated contract changes
NOTE Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.82
design property of an item which prevents its failures from resulting in critical faults
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.83
the termination of the ability of an item to perform a required function
NOTE 1 After failure, the item has a fault.
NOTE 2 This concept as defined does not apply to items consisting of software only.
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.84
observable effect of the mechanism through which the failure occurs e.g. short–circuit, open–circuit, fracture, excessive wear
NOTE This term is equivalent to the term “fault mode” in IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition.
3.85
the attribute of an item that makes it able to perform a required function in the presence of certain given sub–item failures
3.86
fault, noun
<state> state of an item
characterized by inability to perform as required, excluding the inability
during preventative maintenance or other planned
actions, or due to lack of external resources
NOTE 1 A fault is often the result of a failure of the item itself, but can exist without prior failure.
NOTE 2 Adapted from IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition.
3.87
fault, noun
<event> unplanned occurrence or defect in an item which can result in one or more failures of the item itself or of other associated equipment
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
NOTE An item can contain a sub–element fault, which is a defect that can manifest itself only under certain circumstances. When those circumstances occur, the defect in the sub–element will cause the item to fail, resulting in an error. This error can propagate to other items causing them, in turn, to fail. After the failure occurs, the item as a whole is said to have a fault or to be in a faulty state.
3.88
the attribute of an item that makes it able to perform a required function in the presence of certain given sub–item faults
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.89
hardware that contains a computer program or data
that cannot be changed in its user environment
NOTE The computer program and data contained in firmware are classified as software; the circuitry containing the computer program and data is classified as hardware.
[ISO/IEC 9126-1:2001]
3.90
measure of the ease with which a material is set on fire
3.91
lowest temperature at which a material gives off flammable vapour that, when mixed with the test atmosphere and exposed to an ignition source, provides a non–self–sustaining flash
3.92
all activities related to the planning, execution and evaluation of the control of the space segment (or subsets thereof) when in orbit
3.93
intended effect of a system, subsystem, product or part
NOTE Adapted from EN 1325-1:1997.
3.94
hierarchical decomposition of the system performances into functions and sub–functions that when all are fulfilled completes the overall system mission
3.95
technique of identifying and describing all functions of a system
NOTE Adapted from EN 1325-1:1997.
3.96
category or rank given to different qualityrequirements for products, processes or systems having the same functional use
EXAMPLE Class of airline ticket or category of hotel in hotel guide.
NOTE When establishing a quality requirement, the grade is generally specified.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.97
all activities related to the planning, execution and evaluation of the control of the ground segment (or subsets thereof) facility
3.98
all ground infrastructure elements that are used to support the preparation activities leading up to mission operations, the conduct of mission operations and all post-operational activities
3.99
existing or potential condition of an item that can
result in an accident
NOTE 1 This condition can be associated with the design, fabrication, operation or environment of the item, and has the potential for accidents.
NOTE 2 “Items” can include human beings.
NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO 14620-2:2000.
3.100
occurrence leading to undesired consequences and
arising from the triggering by one (or more) initiator events of
one (or more) hazards
3.101
inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior
that reduces, or has the potential for reducing effectiveness, safety, or
system performance
3.102
formal response from a supplier to the customer describing how all requirements will be met
NOTE Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.103
unplanned event that could have been an accident but was not
[EN 13701:2001]
3.104
meaningful
data
[ISO
9000:2000]
3.105
<organization> system of
facilities, equipment and services needed for the
operation of an organization
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.106
design feature that provides a physical interruption between an energy source and a function actuator
[EN 13701:2001]
EXAMPLE A relay or transistor between a pyrotechnic initiator, a latch valve between a propellant tank and a thrusters.
NOTE Two inhibits are independent if no single failure can eliminate more than one inhibit.
3.107
conformity evaluation by observation and judgement accompanied as appropriate by measurement, testing or gauging
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.108
the probability that an item is in a state to perform a required function under given conditions at a given instant of time, assuming that the required external resources are provided
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.109
process of physically and functionally combining lower level products (hardware or software) to obtain a particular functional configuration
3.110
characteristics of an item, which remains unaltered after a process had been applied to it
3.111
mechanical, thermal, electrical, or operational common boundary between two elements of a system
3.112
any part, component device, subsystem, functional unit, equipment or system that can be individually considered
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.113
vehicle design to carry payloads into space
NOTE The term “launch vehicle” is synonymous.
3.114
all the phases of acquisition, operation and logistic support of an item beginning with needs identification through disposal of the item
3.115
total cost of an item during acquisition, operation, maintenance, and the disposal
NOTE Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.116
chronological description of the situations to which a product is submitted from its manufacturing to its disposal
3.117
period over which any of the item properties are required to be within defined limits
3.118
ability of an item under given conditions of use, to be retained in, or restored to, a state in which it can perform a required function, when maintenance is performed under given conditions and using stated procedures and resources
NOTE 1 The term “maintainability” is also used as a measure of maintainability performance (i.e. the probability that a given active maintenance action, for an item under given conditions of use can be carried out within a stated time interval, when maintenance is performed under stated conditions and using stated procedures and resources).
NOTE 2 Adapted from IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition.
3.119
the combination of all technical and administrative actions, including supervision actions, intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform a required function
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.120
coordinated activities to direct and control an organization
NOTE In English, the term “management” sometimes refers to people, i.e. a person or group of people with authority and responsibility for the conduct and control of an organization. When “management” is used in this sense it should always be used with some form of qualifier to avoid confusion with the concept “management” defined above. For example, “management shall …” is deprecated whereas “top management shall …” is acceptable.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.121
system to establish policy and objectives and to achieve those objectives
NOTE A management system of an organization can include different management systems, such as a quality management system, a financial management system or an environmental management system.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.122
raw, semi–finished or finished purchased item (gaseous, liquid, solid) of given characteristics from which processing into a functional element of the product is undertaken
[EN 13701:2001]
3.123
collective term for items, such as articles, supplies, machinery used in an organization, as distinguished from the personnel or body of persons employed
[EN 13701:2001]
3.124
the expectation of the time between failures
NOTE In English, the use of the abbreviation MTBF in this sense is now deprecated.
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.125
set of interrelated or interacting elements necessary to achieve metrological confirmation and continual control of measurement processes
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.126
set of operations to determine the value of a quantity
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.127
measuring instrument, software,
measurement standard, reference material
or auxiliary apparatus or combination thereof necessary to realize a measurement process
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.128
piece of hardware which is not electrical, electronic or
electromechanical, and which performs a simple elementary function
or part of a function in such a way that it can be evaluated as a whole against
expected requirements of performance and cannot be
disassembled without destroying this capability
[EN 13701:2001]
3.129
distinguishing feature which can influence the results of measurement
NOTE 1 measuring equipment usually has several metrological characteristics.
NOTE 2 Metrological characteristics can be the subject of calibration.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.130
set of operations required to ensure that measuring equipment conforms to the requirements for its intended use
NOTE 1 Metrological confirmation generally includes calibration or verification, any necessary adjustment or repair and subsequent recalibration, comparison with the metrological requirements for the intended use of the equipment, as well as any required sealing and labelling.
NOTE 2 Metrological confirmation is not achieved until and unless the fitness of the measuring equipment for the intended use has been demonstrated and documented.
NOTE 3 The requirements for the intended use include such considerations as range, resolution, maximum permissible errors, etc.
NOTE 4 Metrological confirmation requirements are usually distinct from and are not specified in product requirements.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.131
function with organizational
responsibility for defining and implementing the measurement control system
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.132
specific task, duty or function
defined to be accomplished by a system
[EN 13701:2001]
3.133
physical or abstract representation of relevant aspects of an item or process that is put forward as a basis for calculations, predictions or further assessment
[Oxford English Dictionary]
NOTE Model can also be used to identify particular instances of the product e.g. flight model.
3.134
what is necessary for, or desired by, the user
NOTE 1 A need can be declared or undeclared; it can be an existing or a potential one.
[EN 1325-1:1997]
NOTE 2 The user is a person or an organization for which the product is designed and which exploits at least one of its functions at any time during its life cycle.
NOTE 3 For the space community, the needs are often called mission statement.
3.135
see “nonconformity”
3.136
non–fulfilment
of a requirement
[ISO
9000:2000]
NOTE The term “nonconformance” is synonymous.
3.137
document that provides rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results
NOTE 1 The term “normative document” is a generic term that covers such documents as standards, technical specifications, codes of practice and regulations.
NOTE 2 Adapted from EN 45020:1998.
3.138
reference which incorporates provisions from a cited publication into a normative
document
NOTE Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.139
data supporting the existence or verity of something
NOTE Objective evidence may be obtained through observation, measurement, test, or other means.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.140
group of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities, authorities and relationships
EXAMPLE Company, corporation, firm, enterprise, institution, charity, sole trader, association, project or parts or combination thereof.
NOTE 1 The arrangement is generally orderly.
NOTE 2 An organization can be public or private.
NOTE 3 This definition is valid for the purposes of quality management system standards. The term “organization” is defined differently in ISO/IEC Guide 2.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.141
arrangement of responsibilities, authorities and relationships between people
NOTE Adapted from ISO 9000:2000.
3.142
the state of an item of being unable to perform its required function
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.143
hardware item that cannot be
disassembled without destroying the capability to
perform its required function
[EN 13701:2001]
3.144
total complement of specific instruments, space equipment, support hardware, and consumables carried in the spacecraft to accomplish a discrete activity in space
3.145
aspects of an item observed or
measured from its operation or function
NOTE 1 These aspects are generally quantified.
NOTE 2 Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.146
action to eliminate the cause of a potential nonconformity, or other undesirable potential situation
NOTE 1 There can be more than one cause for a potential nonconformity.
NOTE 2 Preventive action is taken to prevent occurrence whereas corrective action is taken to prevent recurrence.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.147
specified way to carry
out an activity or process
NOTE 1 Procedures can be documented or not.
NOTE 2 When a procedure is documented, the term “written procedure” or “documented procedure” is frequently used. The document that contains a procedure can be called a “procedure document”.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.148
set of interrelated or interacting activities which transform inputs into outputs
NOTE 1 Inputs to a process are generally outputs of other processes.
NOTE 2 Processes in an organization are generally planned and carried out under controlled conditions to add value.
NOTE 3 A process where the conformity of the resulting product cannot be readily or economically verified is frequently referred to as a “special process”.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.149
result of a process
NOTE 1 There are four generic product categories, as follows:
— services (e.g. transport);
— software (e.g. computer program, dictionary);
— hardware (e.g. engine mechanical part);
— processed materials (e.g. lubricant).
Many products comprise elements belonging to different generic product categories. Whether the product is then called service, software, hardware or processed material depends on the dominant element. For example the offered product “automobile” consists of hardware (e.g. tyres), processed materials (e.g. fuel, cooling liquid), software (e.g. engine control software, driver’s manual), and service (e.g. operating explanations given by the salesman).
NOTE 2 Service is the result of at least one activity necessarily performed at the interface between the supplier and customer and is generally intangible. Provision of a service can involve, for example, the following:
— an activity performed on a customer–supplied tangible product (e.g. automobile to be repaired);
— an activity performed on a customer–supplied intangible product (e.g. the income statement needed to prepare a tax return);
— the delivery of an intangible product (e.g. the delivery of information in the context of knowledge transmission);
— the creation of ambience for the customer (e.g. in hotels and restaurants).
Software consists of information and is generally intangible and can be in the form of approaches, transactions or procedures.
Hardware is generally tangible and its amount is a countable characteristic. Processed materials are generally tangible and their amount is a continuous characteristic. Hardware and processed materials often are referred to as goods.
NOTE 3 quality assurance is mainly focused on intended product.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.150
discipline devoted to the study, planning and
implementation of activities intended to assure that the design,
controls, methods and techniques in a project result in
a satisfactory degree of qualityin a product
[EN 13701:2001]
3.151
particular configurationof the product related to the current configuration
baseline
[EN 13701:2001]
3.152
hierarchical structure depicting the product orientated
breakdown of the project into successive levels of detail down to the
configuration items necessary to deliver the required
functions
3.153
group of projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits not available from managing them individually
[PMI Institute]
3.154
unique process consisting of a set of coordinated and controlled activities with start and finish dates, undertaken to achieve an objective conforming to specific requirements, including constraints of time, cost and resources
NOTE 1 An individual project can form part of a larger project structure.
NOTE 2 In some projects the objectives are refined and the product characteristics defined progressively as the project proceeds.
NOTE 3 The outcome of a project may be one or several units of a product.
NOTE 4 Adapted from ISO 10006:1997.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.155
part of a total project during which activities are performed to attain a designated objective as one of a series of distinct steps in carrying out a project that together constitute the project life cycle
NOTE Adapted from BS 6079:1996
3.156
project requirements documents
documents, including all normative
references, which establish requirements
NOTE 1 Examples of project requirements documents include, standards, management specifications, technical specifications, statements of work and data requirement lists.
NOTE 2 This does not include the contract and associated terms and conditions.
NOTE 3 Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.157
expression in the context of a normative
document, that takes the form of a statement, an instruction, a
recommendation or a requirement
NOTE These types of provision are distinguished by the form of wording the employ, e.g. instructions are expressed in the imperative mood, recommendations by the use of the auxiliary “should” and requirements by the use of the auxiliary “shall”.
[EN 45020:1998]
3.158
customer in a contractual situation
NOTE The purchaser is sometimes referred to as the “business second party”.
[EN 13701:2001]
3.159
process to demonstrate the
ability to fulfil specified requirements
NOTE 1 The term “qualified” is used to designate the corresponding status.
NOTE 2 Qualification can concern persons, products, processes or systems.
EXAMPLE Auditor qualification process, material qualification process.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.160
degree to which a set of inherent characteristics
fulfils requirements
NOTE 1 The term “quality” can be used with adjectives such as poor, good or excellent.
NOTE 2 “Inherent”, as opposed to “assigned”, means existing in something, especially as a permanent characteristic.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.161
part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.162
inherent characteristic
of a product, process or system related to a requirement
NOTE 1 Inherent means existing in something, especially as a permanent characteristic.
NOTE 2 A characteristic assigned to a product, process or system (e.g. the price of a product, the owner of a product) is not a qualitycharacteristic of that product, process or system.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.163
part of quality management focused on fulfilling
quality requirements
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.164
part of quality management focused on increasing the
ability to fulfil quality requirements
NOTE The requirements can be related to any aspect such as effectiveness, efficiency or traceability.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.165
document
specifying the quality management system of an organization
NOTE Quality manuals can vary in detail and format to suit the size and complexity of an individual organization.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.166
document specifying which procedures and associated resources shall be applied by whom and when to a specific project, product, process or contract
NOTE 1 These procedures generally include those referring to quality management processes and to product realization processes.
NOTE 2 A quality plan often makes reference to parts of the quality manual or to procedure documents.
NOTE 3 A quality plan is generally one of the results of quality planning.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.167
part of quality management focused on setting quality objectives and specifying necessary operational processes and related resources to fulfil the quality objectives
NOTE Establishing quality plans can be part of quality planning.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.168
document stating results achieved or providing evidence of activities performed
NOTE 1 Records can be used, for example, to document traceability and to provide evidence of verification, preventive action and corrective action.
NOTE 2 Generally records need not be under revision control.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.169
costs incurred for each additional, identical item produced
3.170
existence of more than one means for performing a given
function
NOTE Adapted from IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition.
3.171
alteration of the grade of a nonconforming product in order to make it conform to requirements differing from the initial ones
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.172
the ability of an item to perform a required function under given conditions for a given time interval
NOTE 1 It is generally assumed that the item is in a state to perform this required function at the beginning of the time interval.
NOTE 2 Generally, reliability performance is quantified using appropriate measures. In some applications these measures include an expression of reliability performance as a probability, which is also called reliability.
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.173
action on a nonconforming product to make it acceptable for the intended use
NOTE 1 Repair includes remedial action taken on a previously conforming product to restore it for use, for example as part of maintenance.
NOTE 2 Unlike rework, repair can affect or change parts of the nonconforming product.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.174
a function or a combination of
functions of an item which is considered necessary to
provide a given service
[IEC Multilingual Dictionary:2001 edition]
3.175
need or expectation that is stated, generally implied or obligatory
NOTE 1 “Generally implied” means that it is custom or common practice for the organization, its customers and other interested parties, that the need or expectation under consideration is implied.
NOTE 2 A qualifier can be used to denote a specific type of requirement, e.g. product requirement, quality management requirement, customer requirement.
NOTE 3 A specified requirement is one which is stated, for example, in a document.
NOTE 4 Requirements can be generated by different interested parties.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.176
risk remaining after implementation of risk reduction measures
[ISO 17666:2003]
3.177
activity undertaken to determine the suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the subject matter to achieve established objectives
NOTE Review can also include the determination of efficiency.
EXAMPLE Management review, design and development review, review of customer requirements and nonconformity review.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.178
action on a nonconforming product to make it conform to the requirements
NOTE Unlike rework, repair can affect or change parts of the nonconforming product.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.179
undesirable situation or circumstance that has both a
likelihood of occurring and a potential negative consequence on a project
NOTE Risks arise from uncertainty due to lack of predictability or control of events, and are inherent to any project, and can arise at any time during the project life cycle; reducing these uncertainties reduces the risk.
[ISO 17666:2003]
3.180
systematic and iterative optimization of the project resources, performed according to the established project risk management policy
[ISO 17666:2003]
3.181
describes the organization’s attitude towards risks, how it conducts risk management, the risks it is prepared to accept and defines the main requirements for the risk management plan
[ISO 17666:2003]
3.182
system state where an acceptable level of risk with respect to
• fatality,
• injury or occupational illness,
• damage to launcher hardware or launch site facilities,
• damage to an element of an interfacing manned flight system,
• the main functions of a flight system itself,
• pollution of the environment, atmosphere or outer space, and
• damage to public or private property
is not exceeded
NOTE The term “safety” is defined differently in ISO/IEC Guide 2 as “freedom from unacceptable risk of harm”.
3.183
function that, if lost or degraded, or as a result of incorrect or inadvertent operation, can result in catastrophic or critical consequences
[EN 13701:2001]
3.184
action of containment or control of emergency and warning situations, or placing a system (or part thereof), in a predetermined safe condition
NOTE Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.185
action on a nonconforming product to preclude its originally intended use
EXAMPLE Recycling, destruction.
NOTE In a nonconforming service situation, use is precluded by discontinuing the service.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.186
protection from unauthorized access or uncontrolled losses or effect
3.187
production of recurring products
[EN 13701:2001]
3.188
classification of a failure or undesired event according to the magnitude of its possible consequences
[EN 13701:2001]
3.189
failure of an item which results in the unrecoverable failure of the product
3.190
smallest program unit that is discrete and identifiable with respect to compiling, combining with other units and loading
[EN 13701:2001]
3.191
software product
set of computer programs, procedures, documentation and their associated data
3.192
totality of activities, standards, controls and procedures in the lifetime of a software product which establishes confidence that the delivered software product, or software affecting the qualityof the delivered product conforms to the customer requirements
3.193
product or a set of products intended to be operated in space
NOTE Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.194
any man made space object including fragments and elements thereof, in Earth orbit or re–entering the Earth’s atmosphere, that is non–functional
NOTE in “elements” potassium–sodium alloy (NaK) and other such constituents are included.
3.195
project that produces a space system
[EN 13701:2001]
3.196
system that contains at least one
space element
[EN 13701:2001]
3.197
any self-contained vehicle designed for space flight
NOTE The term “space vehicle” is synonymous.
3.198
document stating requirements
NOTE A specification can be related to activities (e.g. procedure document, process specification and test specification), or products (e.g. product specification, performance specification and drawing)
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.199
document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context.
NOTE Standards should be based on the consolidated results of science, technology and experience, and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits.
[EN 45020:1998]
3.200
contractual document prepared during project initiation and planning that describes what the project shall deliver and outlines all work required to complete the project
3.201
combined action of sustained tensile stress and corrosion that can lead to premature failure of materials
3.202
contract between a contractor and their subordinate
contractor in the customer–supplier
chain to obtain materials
or other inputs to a product
3.203
set of interdependent elements constituted to achieve a given objective by performing a specified function, but which does not, on its own, satisfy the customer’s need
[EN 13701:2001]
3.204
organization
or person that provides a product
EXAMPLE Producer, distributor, retailer or vendor of a product, or provider of a service or information.
NOTE 1 A supplier can be internal or external to the organization.
NOTE 2 In a contractual situation a supplier is sometimes called “contractor”.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.205
All resources and organization needed to maintain the performance capabilities of the supported system from acceptance to the end of disposal
NOTE Some items can start as part of the system and later, modified as necessary, becomes part of the support system, (e.g. electrical ground support equipment).
[EN 13701:2001]
3.206
product which performs the functions required
by the customer
[EN 13701:2001]
3.207
set of interrelated or interacting elements
[ISO 9000:2000]
NOTE The system is considered to be separated from the environment and other external systems by an imaginary surface which cuts the links between them and the considered system. Through these links, the system is affected by the environment, is acted upon by external systems, or acts itself on the environment or the external systems.
3.208
process by which individual requirements of specifications, standards and related documents are evaluated, and made applicable to a specific project by selection, and in some exceptional cases, modification of existing or addition of new requirements
NOTE The evaluation determines the extent to which the requirements are most suitable for the acquisition or development of constituents of a space project.
[EN 13701:2001]
3.209
<audit> person who provides specific knowledge of or expertise on the subject to be audited
NOTE 1 Specific knowledge or expertise includes knowledge of or expertise on the organization, process or activity to be audited, as well as language or cultural guidance.
NOTE 2 A technical expert does not act as an auditor in the audit team.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.210
specification expressing technical requirements for designing and developing the solution to be implemented
NOTE The technical specification evolves from the functional specification and defines the technical requirements for the selected solution as part of a business agreement.
3.211
formal process of exercising or putting to trial a system or item by manual or automatic means to identify differences between specified, expected and actual results
3.212
person or body that is recognized as being independent of the parties involved, as concerns the issue in question
NOTE Parties involved are usually supplier (“first party”) and purchaser (“second party”) interests.
[EN 45020:1998]
3.213
person or group of people who directs and controls an organization at the highest level
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.214
characteristic of a substance causing serious, acute or chronic effects, even death, when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin
3.215
ability to trace the history, application or location of that which is under consideration
NOTE 1 When considering product, traceability can relate to
— the origin of materials and parts,
— the processing history, and
— the distribution and location of the product after delivery.
NOTE 2 In the field of metrology the definition in VIM:1993, 6.10, is the accepted definition.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.216
lack of certitude resulting from inaccuracies of input parameters, analysis process, or both
3.217
event whose consequences are detrimental for the success of the mission
NOTE Adapted from ISO/IEC 12207:1995.
3.218
confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific intended use or application have been fulfilled
NOTE 1 The term “validated” is used to designate the corresponding status.
NOTE 2 The use conditions for validation can be real or simulated.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.219
confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that specified requirements have been fulfilled
NOTE 1 The term “verified” is used to designate the corresponding status.
NOTE 2 Confirmation can comprise activities such as
— performing alternative calculations
— comparing a new design specification with a similar proven design specification
— undertaking tests and demonstrations, and
— reviewing documents prior to issue.
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.220
see “concession”
3.221
condition where potentially catastrophic or critical hazardous events are imminent and preplanned safing action is required within a limited time
[EN 13701:2001]
3.222
hierarchical representation of the activities necessary
to complete a project
NOTE Adapted from EN 13701:2001.
3.223
set of conditions under which work is performed
NOTE Conditions include physical, social, psychological and environmental factors (such as temperature, recognition schemes, ergonomics and atmospheric composition).
[ISO 9000:2000]
3.224
group of related tasks that are defined at the
lowest level within a work breakdown
structure
[EN 13701:2001]